“CIMAvax-EGF controls circulating epidermal growth factor (EGF) through a vaccine-induced antibody response, but prolonged administration of mineral-oil adjuvants can cause tissue damage at the injection site and in adjacent areas. We evaluated the humoral immunogenicity and maintenance of anti-EGF antibodies elicited by hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (HANp) systems, showing sustained IgG responses, predominantly IgG1/Th2, and preservation of antibody levels after replacing CIMAvax-EGF maintenance doses with HANp–rhEGF–rP64k.”

“A quantum vaccinomics approach was proposed based on the characterization of vector-host-pathogen molecular interactions and the immunological quantum to further advance the design of more effective and safe vaccines.”